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Staying on the Kabbalah/mystical/ancient occult knowledge, we can also make a reasonable relation between Saturn and the cube: Black Cube: The black cube is symbolic. Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly.com. This word has two levels of meaning: (1) on the ideal (arya) level, it denotes all of the Buddha’s followers, lay or ordained, who have at least attained the level of srot. Some members of the ideal Sangha are not ordained; some monastics have yet to acquire the Dharma- eye. Common over all schools is that the . As for recognizable current- life forms, the interpretation of what is the Jewel depends on how a school defines Sangha. These characteristics are chanted either on a daily basis and/or on Uposatha days, depending on the school of Buddhism. In Theravada tradition they are a part of daily chanting: The Sangha: The Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples (s. The Sangha has historically assumed responsibility for maintaining the integrity of the doctrine as well as the translation and propagation of the teachings of the Buddha. The key feature of Buddhist monasticism is the adherence to the vinaya which contains an elaborate set of rules of conduct including complete chastity, eating only before noon, and not indulging in malicious or salacious talk. In the Kamakura, many Japanese schools that originated in or were influenced by the Tendai such as Zen, Pure Land Buddhism and Nichiren Buddhism abolished traditional ordination in favor of this new model of the vinaya. The Fourteen Precepts of the Order of Interbeing. In practice, they often have a few additional personal possessions. Traditionally, Buddhist monks, nuns, and novices eschew ordinary clothes and wear robes. Originally the robes were sewn together from rags and stained with earth or other available dyes. The color of modern robes varies from community to community: saffron is characteristic for Theravada groups; blue, grey or brown for Mahayana Sangha members in Vietnam, maroon in Tibetan Buddhism, grey in Korea, and black in Japan. These words literally mean . Although in the vinaya laid down by the Buddha the Sangha was not allowed to engage directly in agriculture, this later changed in some Mahayana schools when Buddhism moved to East Asia, so that in the East Asian cultural sphere, the monastic community traditionally has engaged in agriculture. An emphasis on working for food is attributed to additional training guidelines laid down by a Chan Buddhist master, Baizhang Huaihai, notably the phrase, . According to the Pali Texts, the Buddha ate meat as long as the animal was not killed specifically for him. The Buddha in the Pali Canon allowed Sangha members to eat whatever food is donated to them by laypeople, except that they may not eat meat if they know or suspect the animal was killed specifically for them. Consequently, the Theravada tradition does not practice strict vegetarianism, although an individual may do so as his or her personal choice . In some Mahayana sutras, meat eating is strongly discouraged and it is stated that the Buddha did not eat meat. In particular, East Asian Sangha members take on the Bodhisattva Precepts originating in the Brahmajala Sutra, which has a vow of vegetarianism as part of the Triple Platform Ordination, where they receive the three sets of vows: . In some areas such as China, Korea and Vietnam the Sangha practices strict vegetarianism, while in other areas such as Japan or Tibet, they do not. According to Mahayana sutras, Gautama Buddha always maintained that lay persons were capable of great wisdom and of reaching enlightenment. In some areas there has been a misconception that Theravada regards enlightenment to be an impossible goal for those outside the Sangha, but in Theravada suttas it is clearly recorded that the Buddha's uncle, a lay follower, reached enlightenment by hearing the Buddha's discourse, and there are many other such instances described in the P. Accordingly, emphasis on lay persons, as well as Sangha members, practicing the Buddhist path of morality, meditation, and wisdom is present in all major Buddhist schools. Some scholars noted that sangha is frequently (and according to them, mistakenly) used in the West to refer to any sort of Buddhist community. They interpret the meaning of the Three Jewels of Buddhism, in particular the . Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9. 78. 06. 91. Fifth Edition. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, p. Todd Lewis, Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism Through the Lives of Practitioners, Chicester, 2. An example of such a sutra is AN II. Catukka nipata, Bhandagamavaggo http: //archive. HCo. Xg^ ab. Robinson et al.(2. Fifth Edition. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, p. Berkeley: University of California. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, Sakkasamyutta, Dhajjaggasutta (3), p. Robinson et al.(2. Fifth Edition. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, p. Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third Edition. Linda Woodhead. 2. Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo (1. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9. 78. 06. 91. Buddhist Dictionary - Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 9. 55. 24. 00. The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction (fourth edition) by R. H. Robinson & W. L. Johnson (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1. A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist Terms: parisa^Hurst, Jane (2. Global Citizens, . The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9. 78. 81. 20. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0- 0. 2- 8. 65. |